Vocabulary and Concept Check (8.4)

Vocabulary

• Carbon Cycle: A process which carbon moves from inorganic to organic compounds.
• Greenhouse Effect: A property that keeps the world warm enough for living things to survive.

Concept Check

1.) An example would be that through photosynthesis, plants convert inorganic carbon dioxide to organic compounds

2.) How is carbon dioxide important to earths climate?

Carbon dioxide is important to earths climate because it traps heat from the sun which gives earth its warm temperature.

Summary Concept 8.4

The Carbon Cycle

• The Carbon cycle is the process which carbon moves from inorganic to organic comounds.
• Through photosynthesis, producers such as grass inorganic carbon dioxide to organic compounds.
• A key elemnt of the carbon cycles is carbon dioxide

Photosynthesis and Global Climate

• Plants use carbon dioxide to make sugars in photosynthesis, and most organisms give off carbon dioxide as waste from cellular respiration.
• Carbon dioxide in the air traps heat from sunlight
• The greenhous effect keeps the world warm enough for living things to survive.

Concept Check (8.3)

A Trip around the Calvin Cycle

• The calvin cycle has inputs and outputs; the inputs are carbon dioxide from the air and ATP produced by the light reactions. The output is G3P molecules.

Steps of how the calvin cycle makes sugar:

1. Carbon dioxide enters while an enzyme adds each CO2 molecule with a RuBP molecule, forming six unstable six carbon molecules.
2. The three six carbon molecules break into six carbon molecules called 3-PGA.
3. ATP and NADPH provides evergy from light; molecules produced are used to convert the 3-PGA to G3P, which is a direct product of photosynthesis.
4. Carbon exits the cycle in one molecule of G3P, plants used these molecules to make glucose and other organic compounds.
5. Fifteen carbon atoms remain in 5 G3P molecules.
6. ATP provides energy that rearranges the G3P molecules.

Vocabulary and Concept Checks (8.1&8.2)

Vocab 8.1
Chloroplast: A cellular organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
Chlorophyll: A chemical compound that give their organelles their green color.
Stroma: A thick fluid in the inner membrane.
Thylakoids: Disked-shaped sacs located in the stroma.
Light reactions: Converts energy in sunlight to chemical energy.
Calvin cycle: Makes sugars from the atoms in carbon dioxide, hydroen ions and high energy electrons carried by NADPH.

Concept check (8.1)
1.) Draw and label a simple diagram of a chloroplast that includes the following structures: outer and inner membranes, stroma, thylakoids.




2.) What are the reactants for photosynthesis? What are the products?
The reactants are Carbon dioxide and water and the products are glucose and oxygen


3.) Name the two main stages of photosynthesis. How are the two stages related?
The light reactions and the Calvin cycle are the two main stages of photosynthesis. They are related because light reations make ATP which provides the energy to make sugar in the Calvin cycle.


Vacob 8.2
Wavelength: The distance between two adjacent waves
Electromagnetic spectrum: Very long wavelengths of gama rays.
Pigments: A chemical compound that gives color.
Paper chromatography: A method used to observe differnt pigments in a green leaf.
Photosystems: A cluster of chlorophyll and other molecules.

Concept Check (8.2)

1.)Explain why a leaf appears green.
A leaf appears green because of the chemical compounds called pigments.

2.) Describe what happens when a molecule of chlorophyll absorbs light.
Green light is reflecteed away while blue-voilet and red is absorbed.

3.) Besides oxygen, what two molecules are produced by the light reactions?
Besides oxygen, hydrogen ions and NADPH molecules are produced by light reactions.

4.) Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?
Light reactions take place in the thylakoid

Summary Concept (8.2)

Light Energy and Pigments

• Sunlight is a form of electromagnetic energy.
• The distance between two adjacent waves is called a wavelength.
• The long wavelengths of radio waves is called the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Shorter wavelengths have more energy than longer wavelengths.
• A substance's color is due to the chemical compounds called pigments.
• Paper chromatography is a method used to observe different pigments in a green leaf.
• Within the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll and other molecules are arranged into clusters called photosystems.

Summary Concept (8.1)

The Structure of Chloroplasts

• The organelle where photosynthesis takes place is called a chloroplast.
• Chloroplasts contain chemical compounds called chlorophylls.
• Chlorophylls give the organelles their green color.
• Tiny spores called stomata are found on the surface of the lead.
• Carbon dioxide comes in and goes out of the stomata
• Viens carry water an nutrients from the plants roots to the leaves.
• The inner membrane encloses a thick fluid called stroma.
• The disk shaped sacs in the stroma are called thylakoids.

Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis:

Carbon dioxide+ Water --> --> Glucose + Oxygen

• The light reactions convert energy in sunlight to chemical energy.
• The cycle in plants that makes sugar fom carbon dioxide, H+ Ions and high energy electrons carried by NADPH is called the Calvin cycle.
• The calvin cycle does not require light to begin.

Homework Questions 8/9/08

Review Questions

1.) Wich of the followinf is NOT organic molecule?

C. Water

2.) Which of the following terms includes all the other terms on this list?

D. Polyssacharides

3.) Which term is most appropriate to describe a molecule that dissolves easily in water?

C. Hydrophilic

4.) Cholesterol is an example of what kind of molecule?

B. Lipids

5.) The 20 amino acids vary only in their...

C. Amino groups

6.) A specific reactant an enzme acts upon is called the ...

D. Substrate

7.) An enzyme does which of the following ?

B. Lowers the activation energy of a reaction


8.) Besides satisfying your hunger, why else might you consume a big bowl of pasta the night before a race?


I might consume a bowl of pasta because pasta provides me carbohydrates which i need to give me energy.

9.) How are glucose,sucrose and starch related?


They are related because they are all sugars, and they all contained in a plant. Sucrose is a major carbohydrate in a plant sap; starches are made up of glucose monomer that are found in plant cells.



10.) What are steriods? Describe 2 functions they have in cells.


Steriods are lipid molecules which contain carbon skeletons that forms four fused rings. The 2 different functions effect the appearance between male and female, estrogen for femals and testosterone for male.

11.) How are popypeptides related to proteins?

Proteins are made by the link of amino acids which makes a chain, this chain is called a polypeptide.

12.) How does denaturation affect the ability they have in cells?

Denaturation affect the ability they have in cells because once they unravel, it caused the cells to not function properly.


14a.) One product of this reation is represented by a question mark. Which molecule is it?

Hydrogen Molecule .

b.) What kind of reaction is this called? Explain

It is a Dehydration reaction because two hydrogen and oxygen molecules are released so that they can bond together.

c.) If an amino acid is added to this chain, at what two places could it attach?

I think it would be added at the OH and H.

15a.) At which temperature does enzyme A perfom best? Enzyme B?

Enzyme A: 37 celcius
Enzyme B: 77 celcius

b.) Knowing that one of these Enzymes is found in humans and other inthermophilic (heat-loving) bacteria, hypothesize which enzyme came from which organism.

I think that enzyme A is found in humans, since a normal temperature for a human would be about 37 celcius. And enzyme B could be found in baterica, due to its high temperature.

c.) Propose a hypothesis that explains why the rate of reaction catalyzed by a enzyme A slows down at temperatures above 40 celcius

In my opinion, i think enyme A slows down because it might be too hot for it to function properly, and therefore the rate of reaction decreases.